Biotechnology Journal International

Given its correlation with frailty, disability, and death, sarcopenia—the age-related loss of muscle mass, strength, and functional ability—represents a significant public health concern. According to available data, older individuals' muscle loss is hastened by inadequate protein intake, physical inactivity, and metabolic changes; the best remedies include resistance training and higher protein intake. By boosting muscle protein synthesis, improving mitochondrial function, and reducing inflammation, exercise aids in the recovery of strength and function. Combining exercise with adequate protein and minerals like vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids improves muscle health even more. Although both plant and animal proteins are helpful, animal proteins frequently contain more leucine, which is necessary for muscle growth. This review examines the synergistic effects of dietary protein and structured exercise on muscle health by combining data from mechanistic research, randomized controlled trials, and epidemiological studies. Studies consistently demonstrate that the benefits of protein supplementation alone are limited, especially when there is insufficient training stimulus. However, intakes of 1.0–1.5 g/kg/day of high-quality, leucine-rich protein considerably increase muscle protein synthesis, improve strength, and lessen functional loss when combined with resistance or multicomponent exercise. Individual reactions are further shaped by other elements like the distribution of proteins, supplies derived from plants as opposed to animals, interactions between the gut bacteria, and biomarkers of anabolic resistance. The body of research indicates that the best way to prevent sarcopenia, maintain independence, and encourage healthy ageing is to combine optimal protein consumption with regular exercise.