Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles from Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves of Annona muricata: A Green Nanobiotechnology Approach
Yahaya Gavamukulya *
Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation (PAUSTI), P.O.Box, 62000-00200 Nairobi, Kenya and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, P.O.Box, 1460 Mbale, Uganda.
Esther N. Maina
Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation (PAUSTI), P.O.Box, 62000-00200 Nairobi, Kenya and Department of Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O.Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
Fred Wamunyokoli
Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation (PAUSTI), P.O.Box, 62000-00200 Nairobi, Kenya and Department of Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P. O.Box, 62000-00200 Nairobi, Kenya.
Amos M. Meroka
Department of Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O.Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya and Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kenya Methodist University, P.O.Box 267-60200, Meru, Kenya.
Edwin S. Madivoli
Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation (PAUSTI), P.O.Box, 62000-00200 Nairobi, Kenya and Department of Chemistry, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O.Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
Hany A. El-Shemy
Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation (PAUSTI), P.O.Box, 62000-00200 Nairobi, Kenya and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt.
Gabriel Magoma
Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation (PAUSTI), P.O.Box, 62000-00200 Nairobi, Kenya.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Introduction: The biological green synthesis of nanoparticles via nanobiotechnology processes have a significant potential to boost nanoparticles production without the use of harsh, toxic, and expensive chemicals commonly used in conventional physical and chemical processes. Annona muricata, a tropical plant belonging to family Annonaceae is one of the most used plants in folk medicine because of its many medicinal uses and therefore presents a strong candidate for use in green synthesis.
Aims: The aim of this study was to optimize a method for the synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) from ethanolic extracts of leaves of Annona muricata as well as to characterize the green synthesized AgNPs.
Methodology: AgNPs were synthesized from Annona muricata leaves using AgNO3 solution. The AgNPs were characterized using spectroscopy and microscopy techniques.
Results: The formed AgNPs had an absorption maximum at 429 nm using UV–Visible spectroscopy and were stable under different pH, temperature, and storage conditions. Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed the different functional groups responsible for the synthesis and stabilization of the AgNPs. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed a spherical nature of the synthesized AgNPs. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analysis showed presence of Ag, O, and Cl with Ag having the highest composition at 60%. X-Ray Diffraction and Dynamic Light Scattering revealed a crystalline nature of AgNPs with an average size of 87.36 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.16 respectively. Transmission Electron Microscopy analysis further confirmed the crystalline and spherical nature of the AgNPs.
Conclusion: In this article, an efficient, eco-friendly and low-cost method for the synthesis and recovery of stable AgNPs using Annona muricata leaves ethanolic extracts as both a reducing and capping agent has been reported for the first time. The synthesized AgNPs could be promising candidates for many biomedical, clinical, engineering, and polymer applications.
Keywords: Annona muricata, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), UV/VIS, FTIR, XRD, SEM, DLS, TEM.