Comparative Occurrence of Resident Fungi on Gamma Irradiated and Steam Sterilized Sorghum Grains (Sorghum bicolor L.) for Spawn Production in Ghana
N. K. Kortei *
Department of Nuclear Agriculture and Radiation Processing, Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences, P.O.Box 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
G. T. Odamtten
Department of Nuclear Agriculture and Radiation Processing, Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences, P.O.Box 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana and Department of Botany, University of Ghana, P.O.Box 55, Legon, Ghana
V. Appiah
Department of Nuclear Agriculture and Radiation Processing, Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences, P.O.Box 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
M. Obodai
Food Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O.Box M 20, Accra, Ghana
A. Adu-Gyamfi
Department of Nuclear Agriculture and Radiation Processing, Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences, P.O.Box 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana and Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Radiation Technology Centre, P.O.Box AE 1, Atomic, Accra, Ghana
M. Wiafe- Kwagyan
Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Radiation Technology Centre, P.O.Box AE 1, Atomic, Accra, Ghana
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Sorghum is one of the important cereals consumed by humans, animals and also used for the production of mushroom spawns in Ghana.
Aim: Identification of fungi present on sorghum grains before and after pretreatment (steam and gamma radiation) principally for mushroom cultivation.
Methodology: The total number of mycoflora (Log10 CFU g-1) of sorghum grains and their relative frequency (percentage occurrence) associated with the raw grains and the mycoflora present after subjecting the sorghum grains to gamma radiation doses of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 32 kGy at a dose rate of 1.7 kGy/h from a Cobalt-60 source (SLL-515, Hungary) and moist heat at a temperature of 100- 120ºC for 2- 2.5 hours was evaluated. Mycological analysis was done by direct plating method on Cooke’s and Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol (DRBC) media.
Results: Nine fungal species belonging to six genera were associated with the sorghum grains. Among these fungi were Cladosporium macrocarpum, Trichoderma harzianum, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhodotorula spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus ochraceous and Aspergillus flavus. Comparatively higher fungal counts of 3.27 and 3.82 Log10 CFU g-1 were recorded for non-pretreated while lower counts of 0.5 Log10 CFU g-1 were recorded for pretreated sorghum grains. Gamma radiation and moist heat significantly (P<0.05) reduced total fungal populations by an average of 2.4 and 2.1 log cycles, respectively. Rhodotorula sp. (11.5%), Penicillium sp. (34.6%), Aspergillus fumigatus (29.9%) persisted on the moist heat sterilized while only Rhodotorula sp. (100%) persisted on gamma irradiated grains.
Conclusion: These data indicate possible health hazards for humans and animals upon consumption of such contaminated food grain by toxigenic moulds and also reveal the sensitivity of fungal species to gamma radiation and moist heat as a selective substrate for oyster mushroom spawn preparation.
Keywords: Sorghum, gamma radiation, steam, D10 value, fungi, mushroom